Animal and Cellular Models

Experiments in animal models are generally utilised to support huge progress in immunology, and inbred lines of mice and their knock-out or knock-in derivatives are by far the most commonly employed animal systems in immunological studies. Animal models provided early proof that immune adaptation determines the distinction between self (that which the immune system recognises as belonging to the body) and nonself (that which the immune system recognises as foreign to the body) not entirely at conception, but to a large extent during early foetal development. Animal studies back up the theory that immunological adaptability is determined by the prenatal or neonatal environment rather than being inherited. Farm animals have always contributed to basic and applied immunology, and they continue to do so. It is not difficult to use these animals in study as long as the necessary facilities and reagents are accessible. However, choosing an acceptable animal model should be based on the scientific subject to be addressed and its relevance, not only on accessibility and common practice.